Jewish responses to antisemitism varied throughout Europe. Some joined new political and national movements. Many emigrated, while others sought to acculturate into local non-Jewish society. 

Responding to increasing antisemitism and economic hardship, Jews migrated within Europe or immigrated to North and South America. Some fought antisemitism through Socialist or Zionist movements, with small numbers settling in the Land of Israel. Others acculturated, hoping to escape antisemitism. During World War I, European and American Jews fought for their countries, often against each other. Jews in Weimar Germany were patriotic citizens of the new democratic nation.